*Amino acid are in products of protein digestion absorbed into the blood from small intestine.
*hello toxic and highly soluble in water .it secretion is therefore requires a large amount of water.
*animal living in dry condition such as insects,land reptile 🦎 (snake and Lizards ),birds etc.have to convert water in their bodies.
*in supine position, the kidney extends from approximately vertebra t12 superior to the vertebra l3 inferior,with the right lower than the left because of its relationship with the liver. but in the rabbit 🐇 right kidney is slightly higher level than left.
*Cortex contents malphigian corpuscle (glomerulus and bowman's capsule) PCT and DCT.
*The visceral layer cells are called podocyte.
*the collecting ducts are lined by cuboidal and columnar epithelium in different regions
*the lumen of the urinary bladder is lined by transitional epithelium with great power of stretching.
*the external urethral stricture which is voluntarily (controlled by cerebral cortex )and formed by the skeletal muscle at the urogenital diaphragm.
*Proper maintenance of the internal environment is known as homeostasis.
*Urin is usually slightly acidic but can vary from about 4.5 to 8.0 in response to change in metabolism of diet.
*Urin has higher specific gravity in water ,due to the presence of solutes.
*deficiency of ADH causes increased urination which is known as diuresis and associated pathology is called diabetes insipidus.
*PCT is made up of simple columnar epithelium.
*PCT the most important site for selective reabsorption.
*The visceral layer cells are called podocyte and have complex shape.
*Urea is the derived from two molecules of ammonia and one molecule of carbon dioxide in liver by urea cycle or ornithine cycle or kreb Henseleit cycle.